Surgical tools are essential instruments used in medical procedures to perform tasks such as cutting, dissecting, grasping, retracting, and suturing. Below is a categorized list of commonly used surgical instruments, along with their specific names and applications:

1. Cutting and Dissecting Instruments

• Scalpel: Used for making precise incisions in tissues (e.g., No. 10, 11, and 15 blades).


• Metzenbaum Scissors: For cutting delicate tissues.


• Mayo Scissors: Used for cutting tough tissues like fascia.


• Tenotomy Scissors: Designed for delicate cuts, especially in ophthalmic or neuro surgeries.


• Potts Scissors: Angled scissors for vascular surgery.


• Rongeur: Used to cut and trim bones.


• Curette: For scraping tissue or debris (e.g., uterine or bone curettes).


• Osteotome: A chisel-like tool for cutting bone.

2. Grasping and Holding Instruments

• Forceps:
  
  
  
  • Adson Forceps: Used for holding delicate tissues.
  
  
  • DeBakey Forceps: Designed for vascular surgeries.
  
  
  • Allis Forceps: Used for grasping tissues during surgeries.
  
  
  
  


• Needle Holders: Designed to hold needles during suturing (e.g., Mayo-Hegar, Olsen-Hegar).


• Towel Clamps: For securing drapes during surgeries (e.g., Backhaus Towel Clamp).


• Bone Holding Clamps: For stabilizing bones during orthopedic procedures.

3. Hemostatic Instruments

• Hemostats:
  
  
  
  • Mosquito Clamp: A small hemostat for clamping small vessels.
  
  
  • Kelly Clamp: For clamping larger vessels or tissues.
  
  
  • Crile Clamp: Similar to Kelly but longer.
  
  
  
  


• Kocher Clamp: For grasping tissues with teeth for a secure grip.


• Bulldog Clamp: Used for temporary clamping of blood vessels.

4. Retracting Instruments

• Hand-Held Retractors:
  
  
  
  • Army-Navy Retractor: For retracting shallow or superficial tissues.
  
  
  • Senn Retractor: Double-ended, used in minor surgeries.
  
  
  • Rake Retractor: For holding back soft tissues.
  
  
  
  


• Self-Retaining Retractors:
  
  
  
  • Weitlaner Retractor: Used in shallow surgical sites.
  
  
  • Gelpi Retractor: Ideal for retracting tissues in deeper sites.
  
  
  • Balfour Retractor: For abdominal surgeries.
  
  
  • Bookwalter Retractor: A table-mounted system for large surgical fields.
  
  
  
  

5. Probing and Dilating Instruments

• Probes: Used to explore wounds or body cavities (e.g., sinus probes, fistula probes).


• Dilators:
  
  
  
  • Hegar Dilators: For expanding the cervix.
  
  
  • Van Buren Dilators: Used for urethral dilation.
  
  
  
  

6. Suction Instruments

• Yankauer Suction Tip: For general surgical suctioning.


• Poole Suction Tip: Designed for abdominal or large-volume suction.


• Frazier Suction Tip: For precise suctioning in small or confined areas.

7. Bone and Orthopedic Instruments

• Bone Saw: For cutting bones.


• Gigli Saw: A flexible wire saw for bone cutting.


• Bone Chisel: For shaping or cutting bones.


• Bone Mallet: Used to strike chisels or osteotomes.


• Periosteal Elevator: For lifting the periosteum from bones.


• Bone Rasp: Used to smooth bone surfaces.

8. Suturing and Stapling Instruments

• Needle Drivers: Used for suturing (e.g., Castroviejo needle holders for microsurgery).


• Skin Stapler: For quickly closing incisions.


• Staple Remover: For removing surgical staples.

9. Specialized Instruments

• Freer Elevator: For separating tissues or bone from soft tissues.


• Cobb Elevator: Used in spinal surgeries.


• Lamina Spreader: For retracting the lamina during spinal surgery.


• Tonsil Clamp (Schnidt Clamp): For grasping tonsils or deeper tissues.


• Arthrodesis Retractor: For joint fusion surgeries.


• Hohmann Retractor: Used in orthopedic surgeries to retract soft tissues around bones.


• Verres Needle: Used in laparoscopic surgeries for insufflation.

10. Diagnostic Instruments

• Speculum:
  
  
  
  • Nasal Speculum: For widening nostrils during ENT procedures.
  
  
  • Vaginal Speculum: For gynecological exams.
  
  
  
  


• Otoscope: For examining the ear canal.


• Endoscope: For viewing inside the body during minimally invasive surgeries.


• Caliper: For measuring distances in surgeries or diagnostics.

This list covers a broad spectrum of surgical instruments used across various medical fields. Each tool has a specific purpose and is crafted for precision and reliability, ensuring the success of surgical procedures and patient safety.